The aforementioned effect is most pronounced in the youngest cohort (12–16 years old) and the oldest (70–92), and least pronounced in the middle cohort (30–45). "However, there are age-related individual differences here that previous studies have not yet captured," says Hanulíková. "Namely, the more closely our expectations match the pronunciation, the better we understand the person." "This result suggests that our language comprehension is influenced by origin-based expectations in a very specific way," says Hanulíková. However, when they heard a recording with a Korean accent and saw an Asian-looking face in addition, they were able to understand the recording better than when it was associated with a European-looking face. When the 172 subjects were played recordings in a Palatine accent and simultaneously saw an Asian-looking face as the speaker, they were less able to transcribe and repeat the statements after a short adaptation phase than when they heard the exact same recording and saw a European-looking face as the speaker. The more expectations match the pronunciation, the better we understand They will also be the basis for her work within the new research focus Diversity in Language and Cognition at the Freiburg Institute for Advances Studies (FRIAS). Adriana Hanulíková published her results in the journal Plos One. It was the first study of its kind in the European language area and also the first in the world to differentiate between age groups and to work with subjects outside a university context. At the same time, they rated the pronunciation of all speakers as worse when shown photos of the women with Asian appearance, but with gradual differences in different age groups. If the appearance matched the accent, the subjects were better able to repeat and transcribe the utterances.
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Download the Toppr – Best Learning App for Android and iOS or signup for free.In her experiment, Hanulíková played German-language recordings with standard pronunciation, a Palatine accent and a Korean accent to test subjects and showed them alternating portrait photos of supposedly corresponding speakers: three women with Asian, three with European appearance. Which of the following is the most conductive metal?Īnswer. Some modern copper products now often have conductivity values higher than 100 % IACS because now we can remove more impurities from the metal. Also, it means that iron with the conductive value of 1.04 × 107 S/m, has a conductivity of approximately 18 per cent of that of annealed copper and is certain as 18 % IACS.įrom the time of introduction of the standards, the metallic processing methods are now of better quality. The conductivity unit is Siemens per meter (\(S \cdot m^ C\).įurthermore, all the conductive values relate back to this conductive value. \(\rho\) = refers to the resistivity Conductivity Unit \(\sigma\) = refers to the electrical conductivity The conductivity formula is the inverse of the resistivity that is: Also, the process is vice-versa for low conductive material.
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Moreover, there are free electrons within the lattice. Moreover, the value of electrical conductivity depends on the ability for electrons or other charge carriers for example holes to move within the lattice of the material.įurthermore, the highly conductive material such as copper allows the free flow of electrons within their molecular lattice. Also, the greater the value of the conductivity, the lower the resistance it provides to the flow of electric current. It is the ratio of the current density to the electrical field strength. On the other hand, some other materials are required not to conduct electricity as in the case of the insulators. While, some other minerals required to restrict the flow of the current, as in the case of the resistor. Also, we can see it as the electrical conductance or conductivity of a material is important because some substance requires to conduct electricity and some not.įor example, the wire conductors need to let current flow as easily as possible. In simple words, we can say that electrical conductivity is the ability of a substance to conduct electricity. Also, the greater the electrical conductivity within the material the higher the current density for a given applied potential difference. ConductivityĮlectric conductivity refers to the measure of how electric current moves within a substance. Moreover, in this topic, you will study the conductivity definition, its formula, and the conductivity unit. Also, the electric conductivity is the measure the ability of a conductor to conduct electricity. All the electronic items that we use have a channel that lets the current move through them.
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